October 22, 2025 – In the newest Forum article, Freek, Dani, and Kia propose a multilevel framework for conceptualising external and internal continua of brain processes. In their paper, they argue that rather than endpoints on a single scale, “external” and “internal” reflect distinct dimensions – cognitive mode, attentional content, and sensory origin. The article further explains why these processes cannot be reduced to a single dimension of brain function. Lastly, key questions prompted by the proposed taxonomy are outlined.

Overall, a key goal for future research is to clarify how external and internal brain processes interact – within and across dimensions – to shape experience and behaviour.

Open access until 7 December